Every Failed NFL Franchise: 49 Teams That Didn't Make It
The complete history of every defunct franchise from the APFA's founding in 1920 to the last team that folded in 1952. Some won championships. Most just went broke.
49
Defunct Franchises
1920 - 1952
12 of 14
Founding Members Gone
Only Bears & Cardinals survive
5
Won Championships
Then folded anyway
$100
Original Franchise Fee
APFA membership in 1920
The NFL today is a $20 billion-a-year machine with 32 franchises that are essentially impossible to kill. But for the first three decades of its existence, pro football was a revolving door. Teams appeared and disappeared with alarming regularity. Of the 14 founding members of the American Professional Football Association in 1920, only two - the Chicago Bears and Arizona Cardinals - still exist. The other twelve? Gone. Along with 37 more franchises that tried and failed between 1920 and 1952. No NFL team has folded since.
What follows is the complete accounting of every single one of those 49 dead franchises - who owned them, where they played, how they did, and why they didn't survive.
🏈 How the League's Roster Kept Changing
The number of NFL teams bounced around wildly through the 1920s. The league ballooned to 22 teams by 1926, then deliberately slashed itself nearly in half in 1927 when owners voted to cut the financially weakest clubs. It took until the 1960s AFL-NFL merger for the league to stabilize at anything close to its current size.
① The APFA Founding Members (1920)
On September 17, 1920, representatives from teams in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and New York gathered at Ralph Hay's Hupmobile automobile showroom in Canton, Ohio. They paid $100 each for a franchise in the new American Professional Football Association. Jim Thorpe was named president (mostly as a publicity move - he spent his time playing, not administrating). The league renamed itself the National Football League in 1922. Of the 14 charter members, twelve would be dead within a decade.
| Team | City | Years | Seasons | Why They Died |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akron Pros/Indians 🏆 | Akron, OH | 1920-1926 | 7 | Won the first APFA championship in 1920, then went steadily downhill. Couldn't compete financially with bigger-market teams. Franchise revoked in the 1927 purge. |
| Canton Bulldogs 🏆 | Canton, OH | 1920-1926 | 5 (inactive 1924) | Back-to-back champions in 1922-23, then the owner bought the Cleveland franchise and moved the best players there. Reactivated in 1925, went 4-9-3 over two years. Revoked in 1927. |
| Cleveland Tigers/Indians | Cleveland, OH | 1920-1921 | 2 | Finished 2-4-2 and then 3-5 in their two seasons. Couldn't draw fans against the competition. Folded after 1921. |
| Dayton Triangles | Dayton, OH | 1920-1929 | 10 | The longest-running failure on this list. Went 0-6 in their final two seasons combined. Small market, no money. The franchise lineage technically lives on through a chain of sales and moves that eventually became the Indianapolis Colts - but the NFL doesn't recognize the connection. |
| Columbus Panhandles/Tigers | Columbus, OH | 1920-1926 | 7 | Founded by railroad workers from the Panhandle Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Players worked their day jobs and played football on the side. Went 1-23-1 in their last three seasons. Revoked in 1927. |
| Hammond Pros | Hammond, IN | 1920-1926 | 7 | Tiny Indiana market. Finished 0-4 in their final season. Franchise revoked in the 1927 purge. |
| Muncie Flyers | Muncie, IN | 1920-1921 | 2 | Played exactly two games in two seasons (lost both). One of the earliest one-and-done situations in league history. |
| Rochester Jeffersons | Rochester, NY | 1920-1925 | 6 | Named after a local social club. Went 0-7 in their last season. Owner Leo Lyons kept the team alive out of stubbornness more than viability. |
| Rock Island Independents | Rock Island, IL | 1920-1925 | 6 | Decent early team (6-2-2 in 1922) that slowly faded. Market was too small. Franchise folded after a 5-3-3 season in 1925. |
| Chicago Tigers | Chicago, IL | 1920 | 1 | Couldn't compete with the Staleys (future Bears) and the Cardinals in a three-team Chicago market. Gone after one 2-5-1 season. |
| Detroit Heralds | Detroit, MI | 1920 | 1 | Went 2-3-1 in their only season. Detroit wouldn't hold onto an NFL team until the Lions arrived in 1934. |
| Buffalo All-Americans/Bisons/Rangers | Buffalo, NY | 1920-1929 | 9 (inactive 1928) | One of the original APFA members. Went through multiple name changes and an inactive 1928 season. Returned as the Rangers in 1929, went 1-7-1, and folded. Buffalo wouldn't get the Bills until the AFL launched in 1960. |
| Decatur Staleys ✔ | Decatur, IL | 1920- | Survived | Moved to Chicago in 1921, became the Bears in 1922. Still playing. |
| Racine Cardinals ✔ | Chicago, IL | 1920- | Survived | Named for a street in Chicago, not the city of Racine. Moved to St. Louis (1960), then Arizona (1988). Still playing. |
🏆 The First-Ever "Champion" Was a Team That No Longer Exists
The Akron Pros won the first APFA championship in 1920 with an 8-0-3 record. There was no championship game - the title was awarded based on standings. By 1926, the Pros (renamed Indians) were going 1-4-0 and about to lose their franchise. The first champions of what became the NFL lasted six more years before going under.
The Akron Pros won the first APFA championship in 1920 with an 8-0-3 record. There was no championship game - the title was awarded based on standings. By 1926, the Pros (renamed Indians) were going 1-4-0 and about to lose their franchise. The first champions of what became the NFL lasted six more years before going under.
② The 1920s Expansion Boom (and Bust)
Between 1921 and 1926, the NFL handed out franchises like Halloween candy. Teams popped up in cities as small as LaRue, Ohio (population: 800) and Tonawanda, New York. Most lasted a year or two. A few produced genuinely legendary stories.
| Team | City | Years | Seasons | The Story |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cincinnati Celts | Cincinnati, OH | 1921 | 1 | Played one season. Went 1-3. Vanished. |
| Detroit Tigers | Detroit, MI | 1921 | 1 | Not the baseball team. Went 1-5-1 and folded. Detroit's second failed NFL franchise in two years. |
| New York Brickley Giants | New York, NY | 1921 | 1 | Led by Charles Brickley, a Harvard football star. Nothing to do with the current NY Giants (who arrived in 1925). Went 0-2 and disappeared. |
| Tonawanda Kardex | Tonawanda, NY | 1921 | 1 | Named after the Kardex company, a filing cabinet manufacturer that sponsored the team. Played one game - a 45-0 loss to Rochester. That's the entire franchise history. |
| Washington Senators | Washington, DC | 1921 | 1 | Not the baseball team. Went 1-2 in their only season. Washington wouldn't get a lasting NFL team until the Redskins moved from Boston in 1937. |
| Evansville Crimson Giants | Evansville, IN | 1921-1922 | 2 | Southern Indiana's only NFL team ever. Went 3-2 in 1921, then 0-3 in 1922. Done. |
| Oorang Indians | LaRue, OH | 1922-1923 | 2 | The most bizarre franchise in NFL history. All-Native American roster. Founded by a dog kennel owner to advertise Airedale terriers. Jim Thorpe was player-coach. Went 4-16 over two seasons. Halftime shows featured dog tricks and tomahawk-throwing demos. The town had no football field. |
| Milwaukee Badgers | Milwaukee, WI | 1922-1926 | 5 | Best season was 1923 (7-2-3). Involved in a major scandal in 1925 when they used high school players in a meaningless end-of-season game. Owner Ambrose McGurk was fined $500 and forced to sell. Franchise revoked in 1927. |
| Racine Legion/Tornadoes | Racine, WI | 1922-1926 | 5 | Not to be confused with the Racine Cardinals (who were from Chicago). Small Wisconsin market. Never had a winning season. Revoked in 1927. |
| Toledo Maroons | Toledo, OH | 1922-1923 | 2 | Went 5-2-2 in 1922, then 3-3-2 in 1923. Folded despite a decent record. Not enough money to keep going. |
| St. Louis All-Stars | St. Louis, MO | 1923 | 1 | Went 1-4-2. St. Louis' first NFL franchise lasted one season. The city would cycle through multiple failed football teams over the next century. |
| Duluth Kelleys/Eskimos | Duluth, MN | 1923-1927 | 5 | Named after a local hardware store that sponsored them. Renamed the Eskimos in 1926 after signing Ernie Nevers, a major gate attraction. Played nearly their entire 1926 schedule on the road as a barnstorming team. Folded after 1927 when Nevers left. |
| Cleveland Indians/Bulldogs 🏆 | Cleveland, OH | 1923-1927 | 4 (inactive 1926) | Won the 1924 championship (as the Bulldogs, after the owner moved Canton's team to Cleveland). Moved to Detroit for 1928 as the Wolverines. A champion that couldn't find a stable home. |
| Kenosha Maroons | Kenosha, WI | 1924 | 1 | Played five games in their one season. Went 0-4-1. Gone. |
| Kansas City Blues/Cowboys | Kansas City, MO | 1924-1926 | 3 | KC's first pro football team. Never finished better than 2-5-1. Revoked in 1927. Kansas City wouldn't get the Chiefs until 1963. |
| Frankford Yellow Jackets 🏆 | Frankford (Phila.), PA | 1924-1931 | 8 | Won the 1926 NFL Championship with a 14-1-2 record. Based in the Frankford neighborhood of Philadelphia. Played Saturday home games because Pennsylvania's blue laws banned Sunday football. Financial collapse during the Great Depression killed them. Their territorial rights were later purchased by a new franchise - the Philadelphia Eagles. |
| Pottsville Maroons/Boston Bulldogs | Pottsville, PA / Boston, MA | 1925-1929 | 5 | Finished 10-2 in 1925 and were effectively the best team that year, but the NFL stripped their title for playing an unauthorized game. The "Pottsville Curse" remains one of the most controversial decisions in league history. Moved to Boston in 1929 and folded immediately. |
| Detroit Panthers | Detroit, MI | 1925-1926 | 2 | Owned by Jimmy Conzelman, who also played quarterback. Went 8-2-2 in 1925. Folded after 1926 despite being competitive. Detroit's third failed NFL franchise. |
| Louisville Brecks/Colonels | Louisville, KY | 1921-1926 | 4 (inactive 1924-25) | Named for the Breckinridge family. Inactive for two years in the middle of their run. Came back, went 0-4, and were revoked in 1927. |
| Hartford Blues | Hartford, CT | 1926 | 1 | New England's first NFL team. Went 3-7 in their only season. Hartford hasn't had a major pro sports franchise since. |
| Brooklyn Lions | Brooklyn, NY | 1926 | 1 | Part of a crowded New York market. Went 3-5-1. Absorbed by the rival Brooklyn Horsemen from the AFL during the 1926 season, then the merged team folded entirely. |
| Los Angeles Buccaneers | Los Angeles, CA | 1926 | 1 | The NFL's first West Coast team. Not actually based in LA - it was a traveling team of players recruited from LA-area colleges. Went 6-3-1 on the road all season. Folded because the travel costs were absurd for the era. |
| Minneapolis Marines/Red Jackets | Minneapolis, MN | 1921-1930 | 6 (inactive 1925-28) | Off-and-on franchise that kept going dormant and reactivating. Final record across all active seasons was dismal. Minnesota wouldn't get the Vikings until 1961. |
🐶 The Oorang Indians: The NFL's Most Unbelievable Franchise
In 1922, dog kennel owner Walter Lingo paid $100 for an NFL franchise in LaRue, Ohio - a town of about 800 people with no football field. He hired Jim Thorpe to coach an all-Native American team whose primary purpose was advertising Lingo's Oorang Airedale terriers. The players worked at the kennels during the week, practiced when they could, and traveled to road games where the halftime entertainment featured dog tricks, tomahawk-throwing exhibitions, and a player named Long Time Sleep wrestling a bear. They went 3-6 in 1922 and 1-10 in 1923. The team folded, but Lingo's kennels thrived until the Depression. LaRue remains the smallest community to ever host an NFL franchise.
In 1922, dog kennel owner Walter Lingo paid $100 for an NFL franchise in LaRue, Ohio - a town of about 800 people with no football field. He hired Jim Thorpe to coach an all-Native American team whose primary purpose was advertising Lingo's Oorang Airedale terriers. The players worked at the kennels during the week, practiced when they could, and traveled to road games where the halftime entertainment featured dog tricks, tomahawk-throwing exhibitions, and a player named Long Time Sleep wrestling a bear. They went 3-6 in 1922 and 1-10 in 1923. The team folded, but Lingo's kennels thrived until the Depression. LaRue remains the smallest community to ever host an NFL franchise.
③ The Great Purge of 1927
By 1926, the NFL had swelled to 22 teams, and most of them were bleeding money. At a league meeting in April 1927, the owners made a brutal decision: cut the weakest franchises. Ten teams had their franchises revoked in one stroke. It was the largest single contraction in the history of any major American sports league.
Teams Before the Purge
22 Franchises
The NFL at its 1920s peak - sprawling, chaotic, and mostly unprofitable
Teams After the Purge
12 Franchises
The survivors were concentrated on the East Coast and Midwest
Franchises Revoked
10 Teams
Including two former champions (Akron, Canton) and two other founding members (Columbus, Hammond)
Reason
Money
Small markets, tiny crowds, mounting debts. The NFL decided to consolidate or die.
The ten teams eliminated in 1927: Akron Indians, Canton Bulldogs, Columbus Tigers, Hammond Pros, Milwaukee Badgers, Racine Tornadoes, Kansas City Cowboys, Louisville Colonels, Brooklyn Lions (already folded), and the Minneapolis Marines (went dormant, returned briefly in 1929-30 before folding for good).
④ The Survivors That Didn't Survive (1927-1940s)
Even after the 1927 purge, teams kept dying. The Great Depression wiped out franchises that had been competitive just years earlier. The Frankford Yellow Jackets won the 1926 championship and were dead by 1931. The Providence Steam Roller won in 1928 and folded three years later. Having a championship didn't protect you from economics.
| Team | City | Years | Best Season | The Story |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| New York Yankees | New York, NY | 1927-1928 | 7-8-1 (1927) | Headlined by Red Grange, the biggest star in football. Played at Yankee Stadium. Despite the star power, the team couldn't make money in a market already held by the Giants. Gone after two seasons. |
| Detroit Wolverines | Detroit, MI | 1928 | 7-2-1 | Actually the relocated Cleveland Bulldogs. Had a great season but the owner couldn't make it work financially. Detroit's fourth failed NFL franchise. The Lions (relocated from Portsmouth, OH) finally stuck in 1934. |
| Orange/Newark Tornadoes | Orange/Newark, NJ | 1929-1930 | 3-4-4 (1929) | Started in Orange, moved to Newark. Went 1-10-1 in their final season. The remains were sold and became the Brooklyn Dodgers. |
| Providence Steam Roller 🏆 | Providence, RI | 1925-1931 | 8-1-2 (1928 Champs) | Won the 1928 NFL Championship and hosted the first-ever NFL night game. The Depression destroyed them. Went 1-10 and 4-4-3 in their final two seasons before folding. The only NFL champion from New England. |
| Staten Island Stapletons | Staten Island, NY | 1929-1932 | 5-5-3 (1930) | Played at Thompson Stadium on Staten Island. Competitive early on but hit by the Depression. Went 2-7-3 in 1932 and folded. Owner Dan Blaine held the franchise rights until his death in 1945. |
| Brooklyn Dodgers/Tigers | Brooklyn, NY | 1930-1944 | 8-3-0 (1940) | Shared a name with the baseball team. Had some good seasons in the early 1940s. Merged with the Boston Yanks for the 1945 season due to WWII player shortages, then permanently folded. Owner Dan Topping jumped to the rival AAFC. |
| Cincinnati Reds | Cincinnati, OH | 1933-1934 | 3-6-1 (1933) | Had their franchise revoked with three games left in 1934 for not paying league dues. The St. Louis Gunners were temporarily created to finish their schedule. Cincinnati wouldn't get the Bengals until 1968. |
| St. Louis Gunners | St. Louis, MO | 1934 | 1-2 (3 games total) | The ultimate emergency franchise. Created solely to play the final three games on the Cincinnati Reds' schedule after that franchise was revoked. Won one game, then ceased to exist. Total lifespan: about three weeks. |
💡 The Providence Steam Roller: Champions, Innovators, Then Gone
The Steam Roller won the 1928 NFL Championship with an 8-1-2 record and are responsible for one of football's most significant innovations: the first-ever NFL night game, played on November 6, 1929 at Kinsley Park. They used floodlights mounted on poles over 50 feet high. The lighting was so bad that a white football had to be used so players could see it. Three years later, the franchise was dead, killed by the Depression. Providence remains the smallest city to ever produce an NFL champion.
The Steam Roller won the 1928 NFL Championship with an 8-1-2 record and are responsible for one of football's most significant innovations: the first-ever NFL night game, played on November 6, 1929 at Kinsley Park. They used floodlights mounted on poles over 50 feet high. The lighting was so bad that a white football had to be used so players could see it. Three years later, the franchise was dead, killed by the Depression. Providence remains the smallest city to ever produce an NFL champion.
⑤ The Last Wave: Postwar Failures (1943-1952)
After World War II, the NFL faced competition from the upstart All-America Football Conference (AAFC). When the AAFC folded in 1949, three of its teams were absorbed into the NFL. Most didn't last. The final chapter of dead NFL franchises played out between 1948 and 1952, when the last team to ever fold took the field in Dallas.
| Team | City | Years | Record | The Story |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boston Yanks | Boston, MA | 1943-1948 | 21-42-1 | Owned by Ted Collins, who also managed singer Kate Smith. Collins wanted an NFL team in New York but had to settle for Boston. Never had a winning season. Merged with Brooklyn Tigers for 1945 WWII season. Collins finally moved the team to New York in 1949, renamed it the Bulldogs, then the Yanks. It just kept failing. |
| Baltimore Colts (1st) | Baltimore, MD | 1950 | 1-11 | Originally from the AAFC (as the Miami Seahawks, then the Baltimore Colts). Absorbed into the NFL when the AAFC folded. Won one game, went bankrupt, and folded after a single NFL season. Baltimore had to wait until 1953 for a new Colts franchise (which became the one that eventually moved to Indianapolis). |
| New York Bulldogs/Yanks | New York, NY | 1949-1951 | 10-24-2 | The continuation of the Boston Yanks after Ted Collins finally got his New York team. Renamed from Bulldogs to Yanks in 1950. Never competed with the Giants for New York fans. Collins sold them back to the NFL in 1952 when he ran out of patience and money. |
| Dallas Texans | Dallas, TX | 1952 | 1-11 | THE LAST NFL FRANCHISE TO EVER FOLD. Owned by millionaire brothers Giles and Connell Miller. Texas' first integrated pro sports team. Drew 17,499 fans to the opener, then attendance cratered. Returned to the NFL after 7 games. Finished the season as a traveling team with no home. Won one game - on Thanksgiving Day in Akron, Ohio, in front of 3,000 fans. Their assets became the Baltimore Colts. |
🏈 The Dallas Texans' Thanksgiving Miracle
On Thanksgiving Day 1952, the Dallas Texans were a dead franchise playing out the string. Their owner had surrendered the team to the NFL. They had no home stadium. Their "home" game against the Chicago Bears was scheduled at the Rubber Bowl in Akron, Ohio - the second half of a doubleheader with a local high school game. The high school game drew more fans than the pros. Only about 3,000 people stayed for the NFL game. Bears owner George Halas was so confident he benched his starters. The Texans won 27-23 - their only victory in 12 games. Coach Jimmy Phelan had suggested before kickoff that instead of pregame introductions, the players should "go into the stands and shake hands with each fan." It wouldn't have taken long.
On Thanksgiving Day 1952, the Dallas Texans were a dead franchise playing out the string. Their owner had surrendered the team to the NFL. They had no home stadium. Their "home" game against the Chicago Bears was scheduled at the Rubber Bowl in Akron, Ohio - the second half of a doubleheader with a local high school game. The high school game drew more fans than the pros. Only about 3,000 people stayed for the NFL game. Bears owner George Halas was so confident he benched his starters. The Texans won 27-23 - their only victory in 12 games. Coach Jimmy Phelan had suggested before kickoff that instead of pregame introductions, the players should "go into the stands and shake hands with each fan." It wouldn't have taken long.
📊 Why Did They Fold?
The reasons for franchise failure fall into a handful of categories. Small markets and financial distress account for the vast majority. The 1927 purge alone accounts for 10 of the 49 defunct franchises. The Great Depression killed several more. Only a few died for truly unusual reasons.
📍 Where the Dead Franchises Were
Ohio was the NFL's birthplace and its graveyard. Fifteen of the 49 defunct franchises were based in Ohio. New York is second with seven. The geographic pattern is clear: the early NFL was an Ohio-Indiana-Illinois affair, and most of those small Midwestern markets couldn't sustain teams once the league got serious about money.
🏆 The Five Champions That Died Anyway
Winning a championship didn't protect you. Five franchises won NFL titles and then folded. In today's NFL, where every franchise is worth billions, this is unthinkable. In the 1920s and 1930s, it was just how things worked.
Akron Pros (1920 Champion)
8-0-3 in Championship Year
Won the very first APFA/NFL title. Franchise revoked in 1927 purge.
Canton Bulldogs (1922-23 Champion)
Back-to-Back Titles
Went 21-0-3 across two championship seasons. Owner moved best players to Cleveland. Franchise died in 1927.
Cleveland Bulldogs (1924 Champion)
7-1-1 in Championship Year
Essentially the Canton Bulldogs transplanted to Cleveland. Moved to Detroit in 1928, folded that same year.
Frankford Yellow Jackets (1926 Champion)
14-1-2 in Championship Year
Played Saturday home games due to blue laws. Great Depression killed the franchise by 1931. Eagles inherited their territory.
Providence Steam Roller (1928 Champion)
8-1-2 in Championship Year
Hosted first NFL night game. Depression wiped them out by 1931. Smallest city to ever produce an NFL champion.
For Comparison
$0 Champions Lost Since 1952
No NFL franchise has folded in over 70 years. The modern NFL makes losing money almost impossible.
🤯 The Wildest Facts About Dead NFL Franchises
Smallest Town to Host an NFL Team
LaRue, Ohio (~800 people)
Home of the Oorang Indians (1922-23). The town had no football field. All games were on the road.
Shortest-Lived Franchise
St. Louis Gunners (~3 weeks)
Created in 1934 solely to play the final 3 games after Cincinnati's franchise was revoked mid-season.
Most Games, Fewest Wins
Tonawanda Kardex - 1 game, 0 wins
Lost their only game 45-0 to Rochester. That's the entire franchise history. One game.
Most Failed Franchises in One City
Detroit - 4 Failures
Heralds (1920), Tigers (1921), Panthers (1925-26), Wolverines (1928). The Lions (1934) finally stuck.
Franchise Cost in 1920
$100
About $1,600 in today's money. One of Oorang's Airedale dogs sold for $150 - more than the cost of an NFL franchise.
Last Team to Fold
Dallas Texans (1952)
No NFL franchise has folded in over 70 years since. Today's cheapest franchise is worth over $4 billion.
📅 Timeline: The Death of NFL Franchises
1920 - The APFA is Born
14 teams pay $100 each to join. Jim Thorpe named president. The Chicago Tigers and Detroit Heralds both fold after one season.
1921-23 - Rapid Expansion
New teams appear in tiny markets across the Midwest. The Oorang Indians, Tonawanda Kardex, and Evansville Crimson Giants all come and go. The league renames itself the NFL in 1922.
1926 - Peak Expansion (22 teams)
The NFL hits its largest roster with 22 teams. Red Grange's New York Yankees and the LA Buccaneers join. Most are losing money hand over fist.
1927 - The Great Purge
Owners vote to slash the league. 10 franchises are revoked in one meeting, including two former champions and four founding members. The NFL drops from 22 to 12 teams.
1929-1932 - Depression Casualties
The Great Depression finishes off several more teams. The Frankford Yellow Jackets (1926 champs), Providence Steam Roller (1928 champs), and Staten Island Stapletons all fold.
1934 - Mid-Season Revocation
The Cincinnati Reds have their franchise revoked for not paying dues - with three games still on the schedule. The St. Louis Gunners are created on the spot to finish those games.
1944 - Wartime Casualty
The Brooklyn Tigers (formerly Dodgers) fold permanently after merging with the Boston Yanks during the 1945 WWII player shortage.
1950 - AAFC Merger Fallout
Three AAFC teams are absorbed into the NFL. The Baltimore Colts (the first incarnation) goes 1-11 and folds immediately. The Browns and 49ers survive and thrive.
1952 - The End of an Era
The Dallas Texans go 1-11, run out of money by mid-season, and become a traveling franchise. They fold after the season. Their assets become the new Baltimore Colts. No NFL franchise has folded since.
Data Sources:
• Pro Football Hall of Fame - Franchise histories and records
• Wikipedia - List of Defunct NFL Franchises
• ESPN - The 1952 Dallas Texans
• Professional Football Researchers Association
Last Updated: February 2026
• Pro Football Hall of Fame - Franchise histories and records
• Wikipedia - List of Defunct NFL Franchises
• ESPN - The 1952 Dallas Texans
• Professional Football Researchers Association
Last Updated: February 2026
